Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents

 for Prevention of Pulmonary Aspiration:  Bibliography

 

American Society of Anesthesiologists

 

 

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21. Boulay K, Blanloeil Y, Bourveau M, Geay G, Malinovsky JM: Effects of oral ranitidine, famotidine and omeprazole on gastric volume and pH at induction and recovery from general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 73:475-478, 1994

 

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27. Bynum LJ, Pierce AK: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Am Rev Respir Dis 114:1129-1136, 1976

 

28. Caldwell C., Rains G., McKiterick K. An unusual reaction to preoperative metoclopramide. Anesthesiology 67:854-855, 1987

 

29. Callander P., Humphrey D., Brock Utne J.G. The use of gastrozepin as a prophylaxis against pulmonary acid aspiration: a new muscarinic receptor antagonist. Eur J Anaesth 4:149-153, 1987

 

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31. Campbell RL, Paulette SW: Pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia. Anesth Prog 33:98-101, 1986

 

32. Capan L.M., Rosenberg A.D., Carni A., Patel K.P., Sheth R., Kitain E., Turindorf H. Effect of cimetidine-metoclopramide combination on gastric fluid volume and acidity. Anesthesiology 59:A4021983

 

33. Carlsson C, Islander G: Silent gastropharyngeal regurgitation during anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60:655-657, 1981

 

34. Chen CT, Toung TJ, Haupt HM, Hutchins GM, Cameron JL: Evaluation of the efficacy of Alka-Seltzer Effervescent in gastric acid neutralization. Anesth Analg 63:325-329, 1984

 

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36. Coombs DW, Hooper D, Colton T: Acid-aspiration prophylaxis by use of preoperative oral administration of cimetidine. Anesthesiology 51:352-356, 1979

 

37. Coombs DW, Hooper D, Colton T: Pre-anesthetic cimetidine alteration of gastric fluid volume and pH. Anesth Analg 58:183-188, 1979

 

38. Coombs DW, Hooper DW: Cimetidine as a prophylactic against acid aspiration at tracheal extubation. Can Anaesth Soc J 28:33-38, 1981

 

39. Cramb R, Fargas Babjak A, Hirano G: Intraoperative prochlorperazine for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Can J Anaesth 36:565-567, 1989

 

40. Crawford M, Lerman J, Christensen S, Farrow Gillespie A: Effects of duration of fasting on gastric fluid pH and volume in healthy children. Anesth Analg 71:400-403, 1990

 

41. Cromartie RS, III: Rapid anesthesia induction in combat casualties with full stomachs. Anesth Analg 55:74-76, 1976

 

42. Cruickshank RH, Morrison DA, Bamber PA, Nimmo WS: Effect of i.v. omeprazole on the pH and volume of gastric contents before surgery. Br J Anaesth 63:536-540, 1989

 

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44. Davies JA, Howells TH: Management of anaesthesia for the full stomach case in the casualty department. Postgrad Med J 49:58-63, 1973

 

45. Detmer MD, Pandit SK, Cohen PJ: Prophylactic single-dose oral antacid therapy in the preoperative period--comparison of cimetidine and Maalox. Anesthesiology 51:270-273, 1979

 

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47. Dimich I, Katende R, Singh PP, Mikula S, Sonnenklar N: The effects of intravenous cimetidine and metoclopramide on gastric pH and volume in outpatients. J Clin Anesth 3:40-44, 1991

 

48. Dines DE, Baker W.G., Scantland W.A. Aspiration pneumonitis - Mendelson's syndrome. JAMA 176:229-231, 1961

 

49. Dobb G, Jordan MJ, Williams JG: Cimetidine in the prevention of the pulmonary acid aspiration (Mendelson's) syndrome. Br J Anaesth 51:967-970, 1979

 

50. Dufour DG, Larose DL, Clement SC: Rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 13:705-710, 1995

 

51. Durrant JM, Strunin L: Comparative trial of the effect of ranitidine and cimetidine on gastric secretion in fasting patients at induction of anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:446-451, 1982

 

52. Elliott RH, Graham SG, Curran JP: Sustained release metoclopramide for prophylaxis of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Eur J Anaesthesiol 11:465-467, 1994

 

53. Enoki T., Hatano Y., Tsujimura Y., Nomura R. Attenuation of gastric effects of famotidine by preoperative administration of intravenous fluids. Anesth Analg 74:68-71, 1992

 

54. Escolano F, Castano J, Pares N, Bisbe E, Monterde J: Comparison of the effects of famotidine and ranitidine on gastric secretion in patients undergoing elective surgery. Anaesthesia 44:212-215, 1989

 

55. Faure E.A.M., Lim H.S., Block B.S., Tan P.L., Roizen M.F. Sodium bicarbonate buffers gastric acid during surgery in obstetric and gynecologic patients. Anesthesiology 67:274-277, 1987

 

56. Foulkes E, Jenkins LC: A comparative evaluation of cimetidine and sodium citrate to decrease gastric acidity: effectiveness at the time of induction of anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 28:29-32, 1981

 

57. Francis RN, Kwik RS: Oral ranitidine for prophylaxis against Mendelson's syndrome. Anesth Analg 61:130-132, 1982

 

58. Frank M, Evans M, Flynn P, Aun C: Comparison of the prophylactic use of magnesium trisilicate mixture B.P.C., sodium citrate mixture or cimetidine in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 56:355-362, 1984

 

59. Friesen RH, Honda AT, Thieme RE: Changes in anterior fontanel pressure in preterm neonates during tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 66:874-878, 1987

 

60. Froelich J, Eagle CJ: Anaesthetic management of a patient with myasthenia gravis and tracheal stenosis. Can J Anaesth 43:84-89, 1996

 

61. Gabrielsen J, Valentin N: Routine induction of anaesthesia with thiopental and suxamethonium: apnoea without ventilation? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 26:59-62, 1982

 

62. Gallagher JD, Smith DS, Meranze J, Nicolson SC, Godinez RI: Aspiration during induction of anaesthesia in patients with colon interposition. Can Anaesth Soc J 32:56-59, 1985

 

63. Gardner AM, Pryer DL: Historical and experimental study of aspiration of gastric and oesophageal contents into the lungs in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 38:370-379, 1966

 

64. Garner A.M.N. Aspiration of food and vomit. Q J Med 27:2271958

 

65. Gilbert SS, Easy WR, Fitch WW: The effect of pre-operative oral fluids on morbidity following anaesthesia for minor surgery. Anaesthesia 50:79-81, 1995

 

66. Gipson SL, Stovall TG, Elkins TE, Crumrine RS: Pharmacologic reduction of the risk of aspiration. South Med J 79:1356-1358, 1986

 

67. Gombar S, Kiran S, Gupta M, Gombar K, Chhabra B: Preanaesthetic oral ranitidine, omeprazole and metoclopramide for modifying gastric fluid volume and pH [letter]. Can J Anaesth 41:879-880, 1994

 

68. Gonzalez ER, Butler SA, Jones MK, Morford DA, Walsh WM, Kallar SK: Cimetidine versus ranitidine: single-dose, oral regimen for reducing gastric acidity and volume in ambulatory surgery patients. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 21:192-195, 1987

 

69. Gonzalez ER, Kallar SK, Dunnavant BW: Single-dose intravenous H2 blocker prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis: assessment of drug concentration in gastric aspirate. AANA J 57:238-243, 1989

 

70. Goodwin AP, Rowe WL, Ogg TW, Samaan A: Oral fluids prior to day surgery. The effect of shortening the pre-operative fluid fast on postoperative morbidity. Anaesthesia 46:1066-1068, 1991

 

71. Goudsouzian N, Cot'e CJ, Liu LM, Dedrick DF: The dose-response effects of oral cimetidine on gastric pH and volume in children. Anesthesiology 55:533-536, 1981

 

72. Goyagi T, Kihara S, Harukuni I, Sato S: [Comparison of airway complications on tracheal extubation in deeply sevoflurane anesthetized versus awake children]. Masui 44:1242-1245, 1995

 

73. Greuel H: [Clinical picture of gastric juice inhalation. (Mendelson syndrome)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 95:1728-1731, 1970

 

74. Griffin RM, Hatcher IS: Aspiration pneumonia and the laryngeal mask airway [see comments]. Anaesthesia 45:1039-1040, 1990

 

75. Gronnebech H, Johansson G, Smedebol M, Valentin N: Glycopyrrolate vs. atropine during anaesthesia for laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:454-457, 1993

 

76. Hamelberg W., Bosomworth P.P. Aspiration pneumonitis: experimental studies and clinical observations. Anesth Analg 43:669-677, 1964

 

77. Hannon VM, Cunningham AJ, Hutchinson M, McNicholas W: Aspiration pneumonia and coma--an unusual presentation of dystrophic myotonia. Can Anaesth Soc J 33:803-806, 1986

 

78. Hardy JF, Lepage Y, Bonneville Chouinard N: Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux on induction of anaesthesia does not correlate with the volume of gastric contents. Can J Anaesth 37:502-508, 1990

 

79. Harris PW, Morison DH, Dunn GL, Fargas Babjak AM, Moudgil GC, Smedstad KG, Woo J: Intramuscular cimetidine and ranitidine as prophylaxis against gastric aspiration syndrome--a randomized double-blind study. Can Anaesth Soc J 31:599-603, 1984

 

80. Haskins D.A., Jahr JS, Texidor M., Ramadhyani U. Single-dose oral omeprazole for reduction of gastric residual acidity in adults for outpatient surgery. Acat Anesth Scan 36:513-511, 1992

 

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82. Henderson JM, Spence DG, Clarke WN, Bonn GG, Noel LP: Sodium citrate in paediatric outpatients. Can J Anaesth 34:560-562, 1987

 

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84. Hett DA, Scott RC, Risdall JE: Lansoprazole in the prophylaxis of acid aspiration during elective surgery. Br J Anaesth 74:614-615, 1995

 

85. Hirabayashi Y, Saitoh K, Fukuda H, Shimizu R: [Atropine has little significance as a premedication for spinal anesthesia]. Masui 43:306-310, 1994

 

86. Hofley MA, Hofley PM, Keon TP, Gallagher PR, Poon C, Liacouras CA: A placebo-controlled trial using intravenous atropine as an adjunct to conscious sedation in pediatric esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 42:457-460, 1995

 

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88. Hutchinson A., Maltby JR, Reid CRG: Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective patients: Part I: coffee or orange juice versus overnight fast. Can J  Anaesth 35:12-15, 1988

 

89. Hutchinson BR: Preoperative magnesium trisilicate in infants. Anaesth Intensive Care 4:192-195, 1976

 

90. Illing L, Duncan PG, Yip R: Gastroesophageal reflux during anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 36:S123-S124, 1989

 

91. Ishihara H, Singh H, Giesecke AH: Relationship between diabetic autonomic neuropathy and gastric contents. Anesth Analg 78:943-947, 1994

 

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93. Jahr JS, Burckart G, Smith SS, Shapiro J, Cook DR: Effects of famotidine on gastric pH and residual volume in pediatric surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35:457-460, 1991

 

94. Jones CW: Aspiration during anesthesia--a case in point. J Natl Med Assoc 61:324-326, 1969

 

95. Jorgensen BG, Holm HE: Anaesthetic implications of long term diabetic complications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:560-562, 1995

 

96. Joshi R, Sivaganesanathan A: Tiapride versus metoclopramide: comparison after minor gynaecological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 10:109-112, 1993

 

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98. Kemmotsu O, Mizushima M, Morimoto Y, Numazawa R, Kaseno S, Yamamura T, Yokota S: Effect of preanesthetic intramuscular ranitidine on gastric acidity and volume in children. J Clin Anesth 3:451-455, 1991

 

99. Khalil SN, Kataria B, Pearson K, Conahan T, Kallar S, Zahl K, Gillies B, Campbell C, Brahen N, Gilmour I, et a: Ondansetron prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting in women outpatients. Anesth Analg 79:845-851, 1994

 

100. Khawaja AA: Reduction of the aspiration hazard in anaesthesia: use of methohexitone-suxamethonium mixtures. Med J Malaya 25:295-297, 1971

 

101. Khawaja AA: A rapid intubation technique for prevention of aspiration during induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 43:980-983, 1971

 

102. Kirkegaard P, Sorensen O: Cimetidine in the prevention of acid aspiration during anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 24:58-60, 1980

 

103. Kitagawa E, Kubota M, Kaekura N, Fujisawa T, Fukushima K: Effect of roxatidine acetate for handicapped patients under general anesthesia. Anesth Prog 36:169-171, 1989

 

104. Kluger MT, Owen H, Plummer JL, McLean C: The effect of oral cisapride premedication on fasting gastric volumes. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:687-690, 1995

 

105. Korttila K, Kauste A, Auvinen J: Comparison of domperidone, droperidol, and metoclopramide in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 58:396-400, 1979

 

106. Kraus GB, Braun GG, Gotz H, Raithel S, Danner U: Administration of Famotidine for anesthesia in pediatric patients. Effect of various doses on the pH and volume of the gastric juice. Anaesthesist 39:587-592, 1990

 

107. Larsson S, Jonmarker C: Postoperative emesis after pediatric strabismus surgery: the effect of dixyrazine compared to droperidol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 34:227-230, 1990

 

108. Lee C, Barnes A, Nagel EL: Neuroleptanalgesia for awake pronation of surgical patients. Anesth Analg 56:276-278, 1977

 

109. Lehot J.J., Deleat-Besson R., Bastien O., Brun Y., Adeleine P., Robin J., Estanove S. Should we inhibit gastric acid secretion before cardiac surgery? Anesth Analg 70:185-190, 1990

 

110. Lerman J, Christensen SK, Farrow-Gillespie AC: Effects of metoclopramide and ranitidine on gastric fluid pH and volume in children. Can J Anaesth 35:S142-S143, 1988

 

111. Licina MG, Newsome LR, Reeder DA, Hug CC, Jr., Moldenhauer CC: Sufentanil and succinylcholine for rapid-sequence anesthetic induction and tracheal intubation: hemodynamic and hormonal responses [see comments]. J Cardiothorac Anesth 4:318-322, 1990

 

112. Litman RS, Wu CL, Quinlivan JK: Gastric volume and pH in infants fed clear liquids and breast milk prior to surgery [see comments]. Anesth Analg 79:482-485, 1994

 

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114. Lyew MA, Behl SP: Anticholinergic pre-treatment in rigid bronchoscopy. Effect on heart rate, arterial blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmias. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 41:25-31, 1990

 

115. Maekawa N, Mikawa K, Yaku H, Nishina K, Obara H: Effects of 2-, 4- and 12-hour fasting intervals on preoperative gastric fluid pH and volume, and plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:783-787, 1993

 

116. Maile C.J.D., Francis R.N. Preoperative ranitidine: effect of a single intravenous dose on pH and volume of gastric aspirate. Anaesthesia 38:324-326, 1983

 

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118. Maltby JR, Koehli N., Shaffer E.A. Gastric fluid volume, pH, and emptying in elective inpatients. Influences of narcotic atropine premedication, oral fluid, and ranitidine. Can J Anaesth 35:562-566, 1988

 

119. Maltby JR, Lewis P, Martin A, Sutheriand LR: Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective patients following unrestricted oral fluid until three hours before surgery. Can J Anaesth 38:425-429, 1991

 

120. Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale J.P., Shaffer E.A. Is "NPO after midnight" justified? Anesthesiology 65:A2441986

 

121. Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale JP, Shaffer EA: Preoperative oral fluids: is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery? Anesth Analg 65:1112-1116, 1986

 

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130. Mathews HM, Moore J: Sodium bicarbonate as a single dose antacid in obstetric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 44:590-591, 1989

 

131. Mathews HM, Wilson CM, Thompson EM, Moore J: Combination treatment with ranitidine and sodium bicarbonate prior to obstetric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 41:1202-1206, 1986

 

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133. McGrady E.M., Macdonald A.G. Effect of the preopertive administration of water on gastric volume and pH. Br J  Anaesth 60:803-805, 1988

 

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138. Mirakhur RK: Premedication with atropine or glycopyrrolate in children. Effects on heart rate and rhythm during induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Anaesthesia 37:1032-1036, 1982

 

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142. Morison DH, Dunn GL, Fargas Babjak AM, Moudgil GC, Smedstad K, Woo J: A double-blind comparison of cimetidine and ranitidine as prophylaxis against gastric aspiration syndrome. Anesth Analg 61:988-992, 1982

 

143. Musich J, Walts LF: Pulmonary aspiration after a priming dose of vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64:517-519, 1986

 

144. Newson AJ: The effectiveness and duration of preoperative antacid therapy. Anaesth Intensive Care 5:214-217, 1977

 

145. Nicolson SC, Dorsey AT, Schreiner MS: Shortened preanesthetic fasting interval in pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 74:694-697, 1992

 

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153. Pandit SK, Kothary SP, Pandit UA, Mirakhur RK: Premedication with cimetidine and metoclopramide. Effect on the risk factors of acid aspiration. Anaesthesia 41:486-492, 1986

 

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156. Paxton LD, McKay AC, Mirakhur RK: Prevention of nausea and vomiting after day case gynaecological laparoscopy. A comparison of ondansetron, droperidol, metoclopramide and placebo. Anaesthesia 50:403-406, 1995

 

157. Payne K., Ireland P. Plasma glucose levels in the perioperative period in children. Anaesthesia 39:868-872, 1984

 

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