Higuchi Table

Table 1. Individual Patients Demographics
						Duration				Duration of			Duration of				Mean Arterial					Compound A			Compound A
Group						of			Mean	Surgical	Surgical	Surgical	Tourniquet		Blood		Blood Pressure					Concentration			Inspired
		Patient	Age	Height	Weight	Anesthesia	MAC H		MAC	Procedure	Site	Procedure	Inflation		Loss		(mmHg)					(ppm)			AUC
		No.	(yr)	(cm)	(kg)	(min)				(min)			(min)		(ml)	Pre	Lowest		Ave		Peak		Mean		(ppm-h)
Low-flow		101	22	163	75	585	21.3		2.2	550	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	155		130	78	63		81		57.2		35.1		342.2
Sevoflurane		104	27	165	61	425	9.3		1.3	295	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	115		8	98	81		91		39.4		25.5		180.5
plus		202	20	176	72	425	13.4		1.9	311	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			141	75	61		78		54.2		25.2		178.4
Probenecid		105	25	173	68	370	8.0		1.3	229	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	135		4	67	63		72		48.0		26.7		164.4
(LSP)		204	21	171	70	320	7.1		1.3	235	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			111	65	68		77		31.6		25.6		136.6
		107	23	176	68	485	11.4		1.4	352	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	172		44	73	62		70		46.7		30.2		244.0
		205	23	176	73	460	9.2		1.2	346	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			47	75	61		81		41.3		21.8		167.5
		207	23	170	58	485	8.7		1.1	387	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			108	83	67		79		36.5		18.7		151.1
		111	24	164	80	480	9.8		1.2	350	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	185		33	80	65		75		57.1		33.8		270.3
		210	23	180	77	475	14.1		1.8	362	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			187	89	73		83		54.9		43.1		341.5
		112	22	170	65	485	17.5		2.2	358	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	121		24	87	73		83		62.7		41.5		335.1
		114	19	175	68	435	8.5		1.2	289	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	151		16	72	66		75		33.5		25.6		185.6
		211	36	183	74	365	8.4		1.4	259	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			98	83	68		73		33.8		26.1		158.5
		120	27	177	74	375	13.9		2.2	268	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	115		30	71	61		69		44.3		34.4		214.8
		129	24	175	75	375	8.8		1.4	275	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	134		82	79	64		76		52.0		34.4		212.3
		223	33	168	60	245	8.3		2.0	121	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			95	82	67		74		39.2		24.9		101.8
mean±SD			25±5	173±6	70±6	424±82	11.1±4.0		1.6±0.4	312±92			143±25		72±54	79±9	66±5		77±6		45.8±9.8		29.5±6.9		211.5±75.2

Low-flow		102	28	177	75	430	11.7		1.6	301	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	175		4	81	70		76		48.9		38.5		276.0
Sevoflurane		103	21	162	65	430	7.9		1.1	298	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	192		9	71	67		77		39.3		31.5		225.9
(LS)		201	24	174	70	335	9.6		1.7	210	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			55	73	59		65		45.1		26.7		148.8
		203	26	174	63	430	115.0		1.6	313	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			145	74	68		76		55.3		33.9		242.7
		106	19	180	70	430	16.8		2.3	303	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	177		20	82	67		75		74.0		37.3		267.1
		206	21	170	63	445	13.0		1.6	332	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			159	70	57		66		32.9		24.7		182.9
		208	18	176	86	315	11.2		1.4	197	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			157	67	58		70		44.4		33.1		173.6
		108	22	175	75	485	9.0		1.2	349	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	133		55	77	63		70		50.4		31.9		257.7
		209	24	171	73	470	9.2		1.8	351	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			182	78	63		83		73.5		43.0		336.6
		109	34	172	66	485	14.0		1.7	359	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	125		40	88	71		79		49.9		33.0		267.1
		110	24	171	65	490	16.6		2.1	360	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	129		45	76	69		77		36.3		27.2		222.0
		212	24	165	55	335	5.8		1.0	223	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			246	74	75		83		28.3		19.9		111.0
		113	21	173	70	415	13.8		2.0	295	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	210		50	73	71		82		76.6		35.4		244.6
		122	18	175	62	485	8.9		1.4	395	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	109		21	87	76		88		32.1		16.3		131.7
		218	26	170	65	335	11.6		2.1	210	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			71	99	79		88		25.7		19.9		111.3
		125	36	180	78	555	14.9		1.9	468	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	94		23	78	79		88		33.3		26.7		247.0
mean±SD			24±5	173±5	69±8	429±69	11.6±3.1		1.7±0.4	310±74			160±37		80±73	78±8	68±7		78±8		46.6±16.3		29.9±7.4		215.4±65.4

High-flow		213	22	173	90	495	16.6		1.9	398	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			325	85	70		81		11.8		6.6		54.3
Sevoflurane		118	29	160	51	455	10.1		1.8	313	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	241		4	74	65		81		5.8		3.0		22.6
plus		119	21	180	75	500	12.3		1.4	403	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	178		6	84	73		80		4.5		1.8		14.8
Probenecid		121	22	162	52	450	11.4		1.5	340	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	123		8	78	67		82		8.2		3.2		24.4
(HSP)		216	22	164	54	350	10.4		1.5	247	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			46	74	65		69		2.9		1.7		10.2
		126	23	170	62	435	15.4		1.7	313	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	153		12	69	56		68		3.5		2.1		15.0
		127	24	168	70	470	14.2		2.0	320	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	234		11	77	65		82		5.9		2.7		21.3
		217	22	178	85	355	10.8		1.9	234	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			27	90	78		95		11.0		7.8		45.9
		222	34	173	90	410	9.3		1.3	308	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			186	86	71		82		6.5		5.0		33.9
		128	35	173	61	410	7.6		1.3	265	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	102		9	83	68		80		2.8		1.2		8.4
		224	20	168	82	380	8.4		1.8	288	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			77	69	59		69		7.7		4.8		30.5
		132	32	170	66	480	9.8		1.4	358	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	133		102	75	61		81		6.5		3.4		27.6
		133	22	166	62	475	11.0		1.6	340	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	125		27	89	77		89		15.3		6.5		51.4
		225	23	173	75	425	13.4		1.6	338	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			60	83	72		90		8.7		5.0		35.2
		136	20	165	58	390	10.1		1.5	267	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	113		85	83	68		79		8.6		3.5		22.8
		228	31	160	64	335	13.8		1.8	265	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			79	70	57		66		5.1		3.3		18.7
mean±SD			25±5	169±6	69±13	426±53	11.5±2.5		1.6±0.2	312±50			156±51		67±84	79±7	67±7		80±8		7.2±3.4^,##		3.9±1.9^,##		27.3±13.9^,##

High-flow		115	37	165	75	520	14.4		1.7	400	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	120		192	65	53		65		7.7		5.3		45.3
Sevoflurane		214	30	168	65	340	12.7		1.7	230	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			45	81	67		65		5.2		2.9		16.2
(HS)		116	23	177	84	515	11.3		1.4	435	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	314		7	90	73		82		8.9		3.7		31.7
		117	22	174	72	465	10.1		1.3	365	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	139		102	76	68		83		8.9		4.3		33.6
		215	32	170	70	410	8.5		1.5	307	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			108	87	76		92		6.9		3.2		21.7
		123	21	162	54	545	7.9		1.1	445	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	142		7	84	75		90		6.6		2.9		26.2
		219	28	162	62	420	14.3		1.8	325	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			237	84	75		84		6.8		4.7		32.6
		220	23	165	59	340	9.0		1.5	221	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			110	73	65		76		12.1		9.5		53.9
		124	23	172	72	445	11.7		1.7	348	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	83		24	89	77		83		4.8		2.4		17.6
		221	23	167	68	340	11.3		1.6	245	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			136	73	67		75		7.2		3.4		19.3
		226	22	165	70	285	11.5		1.8	210	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			145	69	66		77		8.1		4.2		19.9
		130	20	164	61	430	11.6		1.4	331	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	121		7	77	70		81		5.8		3.3		23.9
		131	19	180	70	425	12.4		1.6	320	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	135		11	64	52		67		5.3		2.5		17.5
		227	31	185	76	505	12.8		1.8	423	Shoulder	Arthroplasty			540	84	75		90		8.6		5.4		45.5
		134	27	166	71	405	13.1		2.0	277	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	178		9	78	64		78		5.4		1.9		12.8
		135	21	165	70	460	8.8		1.6	350	Knee	Ligament reconstruction	156		8	92	74		89		6.1		3.8		29.3
mean±SD			25±5	169±7	69±7	428±74	11.3±2.0		1.6±0.2	327±76			154±65		106±137	78±9	68±7		79±8		7.2±1.9^,##		4.0±1.8^,##		27.9±11.9^,##


Pre = preanesthesia; Lowest = the lowest mean arterial blood pressure during anesthesia; Ave = average mean arterial blood pressure during anesthesia
AUC= area under the curve
^{P<0.01 compared with the low-flow sevoflurane group.^__P<0.01 compared with the low-flow plus probenecid sevoflurane group.}
	Table 2. Preoperative and Postoperative Serum BUN, Creatinine Concentrations, and Creatinine Clearance


								Group						Preanesthesia				Day 1		Day 3				Day 5		Day 7


	Serum BUN (mg/dL)							Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)						13±3				11±3**		11±2**				13±3		14±4

								Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)						14±3				10±3**		10±3**				14±4		15±4

								High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)						14±3				10±4**		11±3**				15±4*		16±4*

								High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)						13±4				10±4**		10±2**				13±3		14±3

	Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)							Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)						0.9±0.2				0.9±0.1		0.8±0.1**				0.9±0.1*		0.9±0.1

								Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)						0.9±0.1				0.9±0.1		0.9±0.2*				0.9±0.2		0.9±0.1

								High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)						0.9±0.1				0.9±0.1		0.8±0.1**				0.8±0.1*		0.8±0.1

								High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)						0.9±0.1				0.8±0.1		0.8±0.1*				0.8±0.1		0.9±0.1

	Creatinine Clearance (ml/min)							Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)						110±24				127±32*		113±24				104±18		104±23

								Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)						106±18				127±27*		98±19				104±24		110±30

								High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)						109±35				129±49		127±47				112±49		106±37

								High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)						113±28				144±26*		128±41				113±30		104±19


	BUN=Blood Urea Nitrogen
	P<0.05 compared with preanesthesia value.*P<0.01 compared with preanesthesia value.

Table 3. Time Course of Urinary Excretion of Protein, Albumin, _₂-microglobilin, Glucose, and NAG

Group

Days after anesthesia

Pre

Max

Ave

24 h Urinary Protein Excretion (mg)

Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)

60±33

94±32

106±44**

106±50

89±52

64±39

60±37

65±35

129±55

83±30

Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)

54±18

279±508**

293±296**

339±403**

240±267*

140±117

97±63

88±44

466±562

211±214

High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)

65±16

73±31**

62±32

65±24*

53±36

42±24

56±57

49±37

100±51

57±22

High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)

47±17

144±222**

84±47

77±39

48±31

50±28

44±27

48±31

150±219

70±47

24 h Urinary Albumin Excretion (mg)

Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)

8±4

12±7

14±7**

12±8

12±6

9±6

9±4

8±3

17±7

11±5

Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)

7±5

55±87**

67±84**

115±165**

129±186**

48±75

21±29

9±6

145±191

63±86

High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)

8±7

15±12*

9±6

12±7

11±10

8±5

8±4

7±4

20±14

10±5

High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)

8±5

20±24*

10±6

9±5

9±7

7±3

8±4

7±4

21±24

10±5

24 h Urinary _₂-microglobulin Excretion

Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)

45±14

146±234**

218±299**

172±247**

67±39

54±26

52±23

41±20

285±370

107±99

(_g/g_creatinine)

Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)

44±18

3073±10294**

2691±8743**

1111±2514**

339±942

189±364

97±115

61±37

3411±10863

1075±3346

High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)

54±36

118±115*

156±128

248±341

115±184

138±236

100±135

116±200

341±374

141±139

High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)

46±23

443±1317**

285±408**

159±151**

88±103

55±48

79±102

53±36

609±1324

166±244

24 h Urinary Glucose Excretion (mg)

Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)

55±42

225±270**

446±931**

144±108**

102±59

145±305

58±30

58±24

555±934

168±194

Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)

65±19

535±1000**

750±1471**

732±1395**

588±1067**

196±282

117±83

94±94

833±1498

430±749

High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)

66±77

145±110*

117±96

190±231

85±94

46±30

67±60

52±21

241±216

100±66

High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)

62±30

205±194**

111±51

101±74

62±27

79±82

64±43

58±22

239±194

97±40

24 h Urinary NAG Excretion

Low-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (LSP)

1.6±0.7

1.6±1.1^@

1.9±1.2

2.7±1.1

3.0±1.8*

2.5±1.4

2.6±1.4

2.3±1.6

3.8±1.5

2.4±1.1

(U/g_creatinine)

Low-flow Sevoflurane (LS)

1.5±0.8

2.9±4.9

4.6±4.1**

6.1±5.2**

4.2±2.8**

4.2±3.0**

3.1±1.5

3.1±1.8

7.5±5.2

4.0±2.4

High-flow Sevoflurane plus Probenecid (HSP)

1.9±0.8

2.2±0.9

2.1±1.3

2.5±1.5

2.8±1.0**

3.0±1.7*

3.2±2.4**

3.0±2.4

3.8±2.3

2.7±1.3

High-flow Sevoflurane (HS)

2.0±0.6

2.6±1.3

3.8±5.0

4.0±4.0

3.8±2.4**

3.8±1.9

3.3±2.1

2.8±1.0

5.7±5.1

3.4±2.1

NAG=N-acetyl-_-glucosaminidase

Pre = preanesthesia; Max = maximum value after anesthesia; Ave = average value after anesthesia

*P<0.05 compared with preanesthesia value.**P<0.01 compared with preanesthesia value.

P<0.05 compared with the Low-flow sevoflurane (LS) group. P<0.01 compared with the Low-flow sevoflurane (LS) group.

^{@P<0.05 compared with the High-flow sevoflurane (HS) group.}